Monday, 16 March 2015

First in India and First in the World

First Appointees of India
1st President
Dr. Rajendra Prasad
1st Vice-President
Dr. S Radhakrishnan
1st Prime Minister
Pt Jawaharlal Nehru
1st Home Minister
Vallabhbhai Patel
1st Railway Minister
John Mathai
1st Defence Minister
Sardar Baldev Singh
1st Finance Minister
RK Shanmugam Chetty
1st External Affairs Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru
1st Governor General (Indian)
C Rajagopalachari
1st Governor General (Independent India)
Lord Mountbatten
1st Chief Justice of India
Harilal J Kania
1st Chief Election Commissioner
Sukumar Sen
1st Speaker of Lok Sabha
G.V. Mavalankar
1st Cabinet Secretary
N.R. Pillai
1st Chief of Army Staff
Gen Rajendra Singhji
1st Chief of Air Staff
Air Marshall Thomas Elmhirst
1st Chief of Naval Staff
Vice Admiral RD Katari

First in India Quiz
Technological Firsts in India
Event
Year
Broadcasting started in India
1927
All India Radio established
1936
Television started
1959
Colour Television started
1982
Railways started
1853, April 16
1st electric train
1925, Feb 23
First issue of Postal Stamp
1825 (in Sind)
First Telegraph line
1851 (Calcutta & Diamond Harbour)
Newspaper
1781, Jan 29 Hicky Calcutta Gazette
First Atomic Power Station commissioned at Tarapur
1969
First nuclear test carried out
1974, 18 May
First satellite launched
1975, 19 Apr
Internet came to India
1995, Aug 15 (provided by BSNL)
First air mail in India & World Bumraulli to Allahabad (6 miles)
1911
First indigenously built submarine of India
Shalki
India’s first newsprint factory was set up at
Nepanagar (MP)


First Chief Ministers of States of Independent India.
State
First Chief Ministers
Andhra (State)
Tanguturi Prakasham Pantulu (1953 - 1954)
Hyderabad (State)
M.K. Vellodi (1950 - 1952)
Andhra Pradesh (United)
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1956 - 1960)
Andhra Pradesh (Separated)
N Chandrababu Naidu (2014 - )
Telangana
K Chandrashekhar Rao (2014 - )
Arunachal Pradesh
Prem Khandu Thungan (1975 - 1979)
Assam
Gopinath Bordoloi* (1947 - 1950)
Bihar
Sri Krishna Sinha** (1947 - 1961)
Chhattisgarh
Ajit Jogi (2000 - 2003)
Delhi
Chaudhary Brahm Prakash# (1952 - 1955)
Goa, Daman and Diu (UT)
Dayanand Bandodkar (1963 - 1966)
Goa
Pratap Singh Rane (1987 - 1990)
Gujarat
Jivraj Narayan Mehta (1960 - 1963)
Haryana
Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma (1966 - 1977)
Himachal Pradesh
Yashwant Singh Parmar (1952 - 1956)
Jammu and Kashmir##
Gulam Mohammed Sadiq (1965 - 1971)
Jharkhand
Babu Lal Marandi (2000 - 2003)
Karnataka
K. Chengalaraya Reddy (1947 - 1952) (State of Mysore)
Kerala
E. M. S. Namboodiripad (1957 - 1959)
Madhya Pradesh
Ravishankar Shukla (Nov 1956 - Dec 1956)
Bombay State
B.G. Kher (1947 - 1952)
Maharashtra
Yashwantrao Chavan (1960 - 1962)
Manipur
Mairembam Koireng Singh (1963 - 1967)
Meghalaya
Williamson A. Sangma (1970 - 1972)
Mizoram
Ch. Chhunga (1972 - 1977)
Nagaland
P. Shilu Ao (1963 - 1966)
Odisha
Harekrushna Mahatab (1946 - 1950)
Punjab (United)
Gopi Chand Bhargava (1947 - 1949)
Punjab (after division of Haryana)
Giani Gurmukh Singh Musaffir (1966 - 1977)
Rajasthan
Heera Lal Shastri (1949 - 1951)
Sikkim
Kazi Lhendup Dorjee (1975 - 1979)
Madras State
O.P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar % (1947 - 1949)
Madras State
C. Rajagopalachari @(1952 - 1954)
Tamil Nadu
C.N. Annadurai @@(Jan 1969 - Feb 1969)
Tripura
Sachindra Lal Singh (1963 - 1971)
Uttar Pradesh
Govind Ballabh Pant (1950 - 1954)
Uttarakhand
Nityanand Swami (2000 - 2001)
West Bengal
Prafulla Chandra Gosh (1947 - 1948)
  1. * Gopinath Bordoloi was the Prime Minister of Assam from February 1946 to August 1947.
  2. ** Shri Krishna Sinha was also the Chief Minister of Bihar before independence.
  3. # The office of the Chief Minister of Delhi was later abolished in 1956. Madan Lal Khurana became the Chief Minister when the office was re-established (by the sixty-ninth amendment act, 1991) in 1993.
  4. ## Before 1965, Jammu and Kashmir had a Prime Minister and Mehr Chand Mahajan was the first Prime Minister from 1947 to 1948.
  5. % Elections for this assembly were held prior to independence.
  6. @ After the first elections after independence in 1952.
  7. @@ After the state renamed as Tamil Nadu.


First in India - Women
The first Indian woman to be awarded the Bharat Ratna - Smt Indira Gandhi.
The first lady Governor of an Indian state was Smt Sarojini Naidu.
The first lady Chief Minister of State was Smt Sucheta Kripalani.
The first lady Central minister of the country was Smt Rajkumari Amrit Kaur.
The first woman president of the Indian National Congress was Annie Besant.
The first woman to become the Chief Election Commissioner was Mrs Rama Devi.
The first woman to be appointed Chief Justice of a state High Court was Justice Leila Seth.
The first woman to be appointed judge of the Supreme Court was Justice M Fatima Beevi.
The first woman to be appointed the Speaker of Lok Sabha is Mrs Meira Kumar.
The first woman president of UN General Assembly - Mrs Vijayalaxmi Pandit.
The first Indian woman to swim the English Channel was Aarti Saha.
The first Indian woman to win an Olympic medal was Karnam Malleswari.
The first Indian woman to win an Asiad medal - Kamaljit Sandhu.
The first Indian woman to climb Mt Everest - Bachendri Pal.
The first Indian woman to receive a gallantry award in the Indian Army (Sena Medal for her acts of bravery in Afghanistan) - Major Mitali Madhumita.
The first Indian woman to win the Miss Asia-Pacific title - Zeenat Aman.
The first Indian woman to win the Miss Universe title - Sushmita Sen.
The first Indian woman to win the Miss World title - Reita Faria.
The first Indian woman to win the Miss Earth title - Nicol Faria.
The first Indian woman to join the Territorial Army as a jawan - Shanti Tigga.
The first Indian woman to be appointed as the Chief Information Commissioner - Deepak Sandhu.
The first Indian woman to be appointed as the Minister of External Affairs of India - Sushma Swaraj. (Note: Mrs. Indira Gandhi held the additional charge as Minister of External Affairs while being the Prime Minister of India.)

First Woman Chief Ministers of Indian States
State
Chief Minister
Assam
Syeda Anwara Taimur
Bihar
Rabri Devi
Delhi
Sushma Swaraj
Gujarat
Anandiben Patel
Goa, Daman & Diu
Shashikala Kakodkar
Madhya Pradesh
Uma Bharti
Odisha
Nandini Satpathy
Punjab
Rajinder Kaur Bhattal
Rajasthan
Vasundhara Raje
Tamilnadu
Janaki Ramachandran
Uttar Pradesh
Sucheta Kriplani
West Bengal
Mamta Banerjee

First Woman Governors of Indian States
State
Governor
Andhra Pradesh
Sharda Mukherjee
Gujarat
Sharda Mukherjee
Himachal Pradesh
Sheila Kaul
Kerala
Jyoti Venkatachalam
Madhya Pradesh
Sarla Grewal
Maharashtra
Vijayalakshmi Pandit
Rajasthan
Pratibha Patil
Tamil Nadu
Fathima Beevi
Uttar Pradesh
Sarojini Naidu
West Bengal
Padmaja Naidu

First in the World

First Heads of State

First Prime Minister of Pakistan
Liaqat Ali
First Prime Minister of England
Robert Walpole
First President of United States of America
George Washington
First Prime Minister of Bangladesh
Sheikh Mujibar Rehman
First President of Chinese Republic
Sun Yat Sen
First Prime Minister of Australia
Sir Edmunton Barton
First Prime Minister of Israel
David Ben-Gurion
First State President of South Africa
Charles Robberts Swart

First in the World - Men

First man in space
Yuri Gagarin
USSR
First person of African descent in space
Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez
Cuba
First man to reach the North Pole
Robert Peary
USA
First man to scale Mt Everest
Edmund Hillary
New Zealand
First man to reach the South Pole
Roald Amundsen
Norway
First man to circumnavigate the world
Enrique, Magellan's slave
Malay
First man to land on the moon
Neil Armstrong
USA
First Secretary General of the United Nations
Trygve Lie
Norway

First in the World - Women

First woman in space
Valentina Tereshkova
USSR
First woman to cross the Atlantic in a solo flight
Amelia Earhart
USA
First woman to scale Mt Everest
Junko Tabei
Japan
First woman to win an Olympic gold
Charlotte Cooper
England
First woman Prime Minister in the world
Sirimavo Bandaranaike
Sri Lanka
First American woman in space
Sally Ride
USA

First Woman Prime Ministers/Presidents in the World

Name
Country
Post
Srimavo Bandaranaike
Sri Lanka
Prime Minister
Golda Meir
Israel
Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi
India
Prime Minister
Margaret Thatcher
United Kingdom
Prime Minister
Benazir Bhutto
Pakistan
Prime Minister
Khaleda Zia
Bangladesh
Prime Minister
Edith Cresson
France
Prime Minister
Kim Campbell
Canada
Prime Minister
Julia Gillard
Australia
Prime Minister
Yingluck Shinawatra
Thailand
Prime Minister
Angela Merkel
Germany
Chancellor
Corazon Aquino
Philippines
President
Chandrika Kumaratunga
Sri Lanka
President
Megawati Sukarnoputri
Indonesia
President
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
Liberia
President
Pratibha Patil
India
President
Dilma Rousseff
Brazil
President
Park Geun-hye
South Korea
President


First in Space - Human Beings/Animals
Event
Name of the Person
Vehicle
Date
First animal in space
Laika, the dog
Sputnik-2
03 Nov 1957
First man in space
Maj Yuri Gagarin
Vostok 1
12 Apr 1961
First woman in space
Valentina Tereshkova
Vostok 6
16 Jun 1963
First person to walk in space
Alexei Leonov
Voskhod 2
18 Mar 1965
First woman to walk in space
Svetlana Savitskaya
Salyut 7
25 Jul 1984
First American in space
Allan Shepard
MR-3 (Freedom 7)
05 May 1961
First man on moon
Neil Armstrong
Apollo 11
20 Jul 1969
First Indian in space
Sqn Ldr Rakesh Sharma
Soyuz T-11
02 Apr 1984
First US woman in space
Sally Ride
STS-7 (Challenger)
18 Jun 1983
First space tourist
Dennis Tito
Soyuz TM32/31
28 Apr 2001
First woman space tourist
Anousheh Ansari
Soyuz TMA9
18 Sep 2006
First Indian (American) Woman in space
Kalpana Chawla
Spaceship Columbia
19 Nov 1997
First Chinese in space
Lt Col Yang Liwei
Shenzou V
15 Oct 2003
First Chinese woman in space
Liu Yang
Shenzou 9
16 Jun 2012



Important Personalities

Important Personalities

Important Persons - Birth and Death dates

Person
Date of birth
Date of death
Mahatma Gandhi
02 Oct 1869
30 Jan 1948
Jawaharlal Nehru
14 Nov 1889
27 May 1964
Lal Bahadur Shastri
02 Oct 1904
11 Jan 1966
Indira Gandhi
19 Nov 1917
31 Oct 1984
Bhagat Singh
27 Sep 1907
23 Mar 1931
Vivekananda
12 Jan 1863
04 Jul 1902
Rabindranath Tagore
07 May 1861
07 Aug 1941
Rajiv Gandhi
20 Aug 1944
21 May 1991

Memorials of Leaders

Leader
Memorial
Mahatma Gandhi
Raj Ghat
Jawaharlal Nehru
Shanti Van
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Vijay Ghat
Indira Gandhi
Shakti Sthal
Charan Singh
Kisan Ghat
Rajiv Gandhi
Veer Bhumi
Jagjivan Ram
Samta Sthal
Giani Zail Singh
Ekta Sthal
P.V. Narsimha Rao
P.V. Gyan Bhoomi
Gulzarilal Nanda
Narayan Ghat
Morarjee Desai
Abhay Ghat
B.R. Ambedkar
Chaitya Bhoomi
Shankar Dayal Sharma
Karma Bhoomi

Real Names of Important Personalities

Real Names of Important Personalities

Well Known as
Real Name
Valmiki
Ratnakar
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
Visvambhar
Guru Angad Dev
Bhai Lehna
Ramakrishna Paramhansa
Gadadhar Chattopadhyay
Swami Vivekananda
Narendra Nath Datta
Nana Phadanvis
Balaji Janardan Bhanu
Tatiya Tope
Ramachandra Pandurang Tope
Rani Lakshmibai
Manikarnika (Manu)
Tansen
Ramtanu Pandey
Birbal
Maheshdas
Mother Teresa
Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu
Sister Nivedita
Margaret Elizabeth Noble
Mirabehn
Madeleine Slade
Munshi Premchand
Dhanpat Rai
Swami Agnivesh
Shyam Vepa Rao
Satya Sai Baba
Satyanarayana Raju
Baba Amte
Murlidhar Devidas Amte
Mirza Ghalib
Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan
Vinoba Bhave
Vinayak Narahari Bhave
Amir Khusro
Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrow
Firaq Gorakhpuri
Raghupati Sahay
Gulzar
Sampooran Singh Kalra
Ravi Shankar
Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury
Mauland Abul Kalam Azad
Muhiyuddin Ahmed



Saturday, 28 February 2015

Important Amendments to Indian Constitution.


Important Amendments to Indian Constitution.

Important Amendments


Amendment
Year
Importance
7
1956
Reorganisation of states on linguistic basis and abolition of Class A, B, C and D states and introduction of Union Territories.
9
1960
Adjustments to Indian territory as a result of agreement with Paksitan.
10
1961
Dadra, Nagar and Haveli included in Indian Union as a Union Territory on acquisition from Portugal.
12
1961
Goa, Daman and Diu included in Indian Union as a Union Territory on acquisition from Portugal.
13
1963
The state of Nagaland formed with special protection under Article 371A.
14
1962
Pondicherry incorporated into Indian Union after transfer by France.
21
1967
Sindhi added as language in the 8th schedule.
26
1971
Privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states abolished.
36
1975
Sikim included as an Indian state.
42
1976
Fundamental Duties prescribed, India became Socialist Secular Republic.
44
1978
Right to Property deleted from the list of fundamental rights.
52
1985
Defection to another party after election made illegal.
61
1989
Voting age reduced from 21 to 18.
71
1992
Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali added as languages in the Eighth Schedule.
73
1993
Introduction of Panchayati Raj, addition of Part IX to the Constitution.
74
1993
Introduction of Nagarpalikas and Municipalities.
86
2002
Free and compulsory education to children between 6 and 14 years.
92
2003
Bodo, Dogri, Santhali and Maithli added to the list of recognised languages. Service Tax introduced.
8,23,45,62, 79 and 95
1960, 1970, 1980, 1989, 2000 and 2010
Extension of reservation of seats for SC/ST and nomination of Anglo-Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies.
96
2011
Substituted Odia for Oriya in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution
The 42nd amendment was the most comprehensive amendment which had 59 clauses and carried out so many changes that it has been described as a “Mini Constitution”.
The 52nd amendment was the only amendment to be unanimously adopted by the Parliament.

Languages in India

Languages in India


The number of languages recognised by the Indian Constitution is
22
At the inception of Indian constitution in 1950, the number of recognised languages was
14
The languages which were added to the Eighth Schedule are
Sindhi, Konkani, Nepali, Manipuri, Maithili, Dogri, Bodo and Santhali.
Number of identifiable mother tongues as per Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation report of 2011
234
The first language to be conferred the status of a Classical Language
Tamil
Other languages which have been conferred the status of a Classical Language
Sanskrit, Kannada, Malayalam, Telugu and Odia
The official language of Nagaland is
English
The official language of Jammu and Kashmir
Urdu
The official language of Goa
Konkani
The official language of the Supreme Court and High Court as prescribed by the Constitution of India is
English
The principal languages of Lakshdweep are
Jeseri (Dweep Bhasha) and Mahal
Foreign language commonly spoken in Puducherry (formerly Pondicherry) is
French
The Indian language known as the 'Italian of the East' is
Telugu
The principal languages of the Andaman & Nicobar islands are
Hindi, Nicobarese, Bengali, Tamil, Malayalam and Telugu.
English is not in the list of recognised languages

List of Languages in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution
Language
Predominantly spoken in
Recognised
1. Assamese
Assam
1950
2. Bengali
West Bengal
1950
3. Bodo
Assam, West Bengal
2003
4. Dogri
Jammu, Himachal Pradesh
2003
5. Gujarati
Gujarat
1950
6. Hindi
Most parts of Northern States
1950
7. Kashmiri
Jammu and Kashmir
1950
8. Kannada
Karnataka
1950
9. Konkani
Goa and parts of Karnataka
1992
10. Malayalam
Kerala
1950
11. Manipuri
Manipur
1992
12. Marathi
Maharashtra
1950
13. Maithili
Parts of Bihar
2003
14. Nepali
Sikkim and parts of West Bengal
1992
15. Odia
Odisha
1950
16. Punjabi
Punjab, Chandigarh
1950
17. Sanskrit
-
1950
18. Sindhi
Scattered in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Maharashtra
1967
19. Santhali
Spoken by Santhal tribe in Jharkhand, Bihar, W.B.
2003
20. Tamil
Tamilnadu, Puducherry
1950
21. Telugu
Andhra Pradesh
1950
22. Urdu
Northern India
1950

Languages of the World
The total number of languages in the world as recorded by Ethnologue, the journal that chronicles the languages of the world
7105
The languages having the highest number of speakers in the world
Chinese (Mandarin)
The languages having the second highest number of speakers in the world
Spanish
The languages having the third, fourth and fifth highest number of speakers in the world
English, Hindi and Arabic respectively
The official language of Pakistan
Urdu
The language having the largest number of native speakers in Pakistan
Punjabi
The official language of Bhutan
Dzongkha
The official language of Israel
Hebrew
The official languages of Switzerland
German, (63.7%), French (20.4%), Italian (6.5%) and Romansch (0.5%)

Institutions for promotion of Languages
Institution
Location
Central Institute of Indian Languages
Mysore, Karnataka
Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya
Wardha, Maharashtra
English and Foreign Languages University
Hyderabad, A.P.
Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan
New Delhi
Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth
New Delhi
Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth
Tirupathi
Maulana Azad National Urdu University
Hyderabad
Central Institute of Classical Tamil
Chennai